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<title>Sizing</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sizing</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Size_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Size (disambiguation)">Size (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<p><b>Sizing</b> or <b>size</b> is a substance that is applied to, or incorporated into, other materials—especially papers and textiles—to act as a protective <a href="Filler_(materials)" title="Filler (materials)">filler</a> or <a href="Coating" title="Coating">glaze</a>. Sizing is used in <a href="Papermaking" title="Papermaking">papermaking</a> and <a href="Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">textile manufacturing</a> to change the absorption and wear characteristics of those materials.

</p><p>Sizing is used for oil-based surface preparation for <a href="Gilding" title="Gilding">gilding</a> (sometimes called <i>mordant</i> in this context). It is used by painters and artists to prepare paper and textile surfaces for some art techniques. Sizing is used in <a href="Photography" title="Photography">photography</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to increase the sharpness of a print, to change the glossiness of a print, or for other purposes depending on the type of paper and printing technique.

</p><p>Fibers used in <a href="Composite_materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite materials">composite materials</a> are treated with various sizing agents to promote adhesion with the matrix material.

</p><p>Sizing is used during <a href="Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> manufacture to reduce the paper's tendency when dry to absorb liquid, with the goal of allowing inks and paints to remain on the surface of the paper and to dry there, rather than be absorbed into the paper. This provides a more consistent, economical, and precise printing, painting, and writing surface. This is achieved by curbing the paper fibers' tendency to absorb liquids by <a href="Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary action</a>. In addition, sizing affects abrasiveness, creasability, finish, <a href="Paper_and_ink_testing" title="Paper and ink testing">printability</a>, <a href="Smoothness" title="Smoothness">smoothness</a>, and surface bond strength and decreases surface <a href="Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a> and fuzzing.

</p><p>There are three categories of papers with respect to sizing: <i>unsized</i> (<i>water-leaf</i>), <i>weak sized</i> (<i>slack sized</i>), and <i>strong sized</i> (<i>hard sized</i>). Waterleaf has low water resistance and includes absorbent papers for <a href="Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">blotting</a>. Slack sized paper is somewhat absorbent and includes <a href="Newsprint" title="Newsprint">newsprint</a>, while hard sized papers have the highest water resistance, such as coated fine papers and <a href="Liquid_packaging_board" title="Liquid packaging board">liquid packaging board</a>.

</p><p>There are two types of sizing: <i>internal sizing,</i> sometimes also called engine sizing, and <i>surface sizing</i> (tub sizing). Internal sizing is applied to almost all papers and especially to all those that are machine made, while surface sizing is added for the highest grade <a href="Bond_paper" title="Bond paper">bond</a>, <a href="Ledger" title="Ledger">ledger</a>, and <a href="Writing_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Writing paper">writing papers</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surface_sizing">Surface sizing</h2></div>

<p>Surface sizing solutions consist of mainly modified <a href="Starch" title="Starch">starches</a> and sometimes other hydrocolloids, such as <a href="Gelatine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatine">gelatine</a>, or surface sizing agents such as <a href="Acrylate_polymer" title="Acrylate polymer">acrylic co-polymers</a>. Surface sizing agents are <a href="Amphiphile" title="Amphiphile">amphiphilic</a> molecules, having both <a href="Hydrophile" title="Hydrophile">hydrophilic</a> (water-loving) and <a href="Hydrophobe" title="Hydrophobe">hydrophobic</a> (water-repelling) ends. The sizing agent adheres to substrate fibers and forms a film, with the hydrophilic tail facing the fiber and the hydrophobic tail facing outwards, resulting in a smooth finish that tends to be water-repellent. Sizing improves the surface strength, printability, and water resistance of the paper or material to which it is applied. In the sizing solution, <a href="Optical_brightener" title="Optical brightener">optical brightening agents (OBA)</a> may also be added to improve the opacity and whiteness of the paper or material surface.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internal_sizing">Internal sizing</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Wet_strength" title="Wet strength">Wet strength</a></div>

<p>Usual internal sizing chemicals used in <a href="Papermaking" title="Papermaking">papermaking</a> at the wet end are <a href="Alkyl_ketene_dimer" title="Alkyl ketene dimer">alkyl ketene dimer</a> (AKD) and <a href="Succinic_anhydride" title="Succinic anhydride">alkyl succinic anhydride</a> (ASA) in neutral pH conditions, and the more ancient <a href="Rosin" title="Rosin">rosin</a> system which requires acidic conditions and is still used in some mills.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation">Preservation</h2></div>

<p>While sizing is intended to make paper more suitable for printing, acidic sizing using rosin also makes printing paper less durable and poses a problem for preservation of printed documents.

</p><p>Sizing with starch was introduced quite early in the history of papermaking.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dard Hunter in <i>Papermaking through Eighteen Centuries</i><sup id="cite_ref-available_on_line_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-available_on_line-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> corroborates this by writing, "The Chinese used starch as a size for paper as early as A.D. 768 and its use continued until the fourteenth century when animal glue was substituted."<sup id="cite_ref-available_on_line_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-available_on_line-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early modern paper mills in Europe, which produced paper for printing and other uses, the sizing agent of choice was <a href="Gelatin" title="Gelatin">gelatin</a>, as Susan Swartzburg writes in <i>Preserving Library Materials'</i>: "Various substances have been used for sizing through the ages, from gypsum to animal gelatin."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hunter describes the process of sizing in these paper mills in the following:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The drying completed, the old papermakers dipped their paper into an animal size that had been made from the parings of hides, which they procured from the parchment-makers. It was necessary to size that paper so that it would be impervious to ink, but sizing was more needed in writing than in printing papers. Many books of the fifteenth century were printed upon paper that had not been sized, this extra treatment not being essential for a type impression. The sizing was accomplished by a worker holding a number of sheets by the aid of two wooden sticks, and dipping the paper into the warm gelatinous liquid. The sheets were then pressed to extract the superfluous gelatine. This crude method of sizing the paper was extremely wasteful as many sheets were torn and bruised beyond use. The sizing room of the early paper mills, was, for this reason, known as the 'slaughter-house'.<sup id="cite_ref-available_on_line_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-available_on_line-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote>

<p>With the advent of the mass production of paper, the type of size used for paper production also changed. As Swartzburg writes, "By 1850 <a href="Rosin" title="Rosin">rosin</a> size had come into use. Unfortunately, it produces a chemical action that hastens the decomposition of even the finest papers."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the field of library preservation it is known "that acid hydrolysis of cellulose and related carbo-hydrates [sic] is one of the key factors responsible for the degradation of paper during ageing."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some professional work has focused on the specific processes involved in the degradation of rosin-sized paper,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to work on developing permanent paper and sizing agents that will not eventually destroy the paper.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An issue on the periphery to the preservation of paper and sizing, is washing, which is described by V. Daniels and J. Kosek as, "The removal of discolouration ... in water is principally effected by the dissolution of water-soluble material; this is usually done by immersing paper in water."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In such a process, surface level items applied to the paper, such as size in early paper making processes as seen above, have the possibility of being removed from the paper, which might have some item specific interest in a special collections library. With later processes in paper making being more akin to "engine sizing," as H. Hardman and E. J. Cole describe it, "Engine sizing, which is part of the manufacturing process, has the ingredients added to the furnish or stock prior to sheet formation,"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the concern for the removal of size is less, and as such, most literature focuses on the more pressing issue of preserving acidic papers and similar issues.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gilding">Gilding</h2></div>

<p>Sizing is a term used for any substance which is applied to a surface before <a href="Gilding" title="Gilding">gilding</a> in order to ensure adhesion of the thin gold layer to the substrate. Egg whites have often been used as sizing; the Ancient Egyptians sometimes used blood.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other commonly used traditional materials for gold leaf sizing are <a href="Rabbit-skin_glue" title="Rabbit-skin glue">rabbit-skin glue</a> diluted and heated in water (water gilding), and boiled <a href="Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a> (oil gilding); modern materials include <a href="Polyvinyl_acetate" title="Polyvinyl acetate">polyvinyl acetate</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Textile_warp_sizing">Textile warp sizing</h2></div>

<p>Textile warp sizing, also known as <b>tape sizing</b>, of <a href="Warp_(weaving)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warp (weaving)">warp yarn</a> is essential to reduce breakage of the <a href="Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a> and thus production stops on the <a href="Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a> machine. On the weaving machine, the warp yarns are subjected to several types of actions i.e. cyclic strain, flexing, abrasion at various <a href="Loom" title="Loom">loom</a> parts, and inter yarn friction.

</p><p>With sizing, the strength—abrasion resistance—of the yarn will improve and the hairiness of yarn will decrease. The degree of improvement of strength depends on adhesion force between fiber and size, size penetration, as well as encapsulation of yarn. Different types of water soluble polymers called textile sizing agents/chemicals such as modified <a href="Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>, <a href="Polyvinyl_alcohol" title="Polyvinyl alcohol">polyvinyl alcohol</a> (PVA), <a href="Carboxymethyl_cellulose" title="Carboxymethyl cellulose">carboxymethyl cellulose</a> (CMC), and <a href="Acrylate" title="Acrylate">acrylates</a> are used to protect the yarn. Also <a href="Wax" title="Wax">wax</a> is added to reduce the abrasiveness of the warp yarns. The type of yarn material (e.g. <a href="Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="Polyester" title="Polyester">polyester</a>, <a href="Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>), the thickness of the yarn, and the type of weaving machinery will determine the sizing recipe.

</p><p>Often, the sizing liquor contain <a href="Tallow" title="Tallow">mutton tallow</a>. Mutton tallow is an animal fat, used to improve abrasion resistance of yarns during weaving.

</p><p>The sizing liquor is applied on warp yarn with a warp sizing machine. After the weaving process, the fabric is <a href="Desizing" title="Desizing">desized</a> (washed).

</p><p>Sizing may be done by hand, or in a <a href="Textile_sizing_machine" title="Textile sizing machine">sizing machine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schutz_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schutz-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canvas_sizing_for_oil_painting">Canvas sizing for oil painting</h2></div>

<p>Preparation of <a href="Canvas" title="Canvas">canvas</a> for the <a href="Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a> always includes sizing: the canvas will "rot" if directly exposed to the paint. <a href="Aqueous" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqueous">Aqueous</a> glue, frequently the <a href="Hide_glue" class="mw-redirect" title="Hide glue">hide glue</a> was used for sizing the canvas for centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer1970252–253_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer1970252–253-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Size in art is not a replacement for <a href="Ground_(art)" title="Ground (art)">ground</a>: it is not intended to form a level surface for painting, it is used to simply fill pores and isolate the canvas from the actual ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer1970254_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer1970254-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Acid-free_paper" title="Acid-free paper">Acid-free paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_chemicals" title="Paper chemicals">Paper chemicals</a></li>

<li><a href="Preservation_(library_and_archival_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Preservation (library and archival science)">Preservation (library and archival science)</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_chemistry_of_paper" title="Surface chemistry of paper">Surface chemistry of paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Textile manufacturing</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alternativephotography.com/the-sizing-survey-the-results/">Sizing substrates and papers – survey results</a>, alternativephotography.com</span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Henderson Clapperton and William Henderson. <i>Modern Paper-making</i>. 3rd ed. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1947), 120.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-available_on_line-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-available_on_line_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-available_on_line_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-available_on_line_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dard Hunter, <i>Papermaking through Eighteen Centuries</i>. (New York: William Edwin Rudge, 1930), 141. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/DardHunter/id/1614">available on line</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192811/http://content.lib.utah.edu/cdm/ref/collection/DardHunter/id/1614">Archived</a> 2013-10-29 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan G. Swartzburg, <i>Preserving Library Materials: A Manual</i>. 2nd ed. (Metuchen, NJ: The Scarecrow Press, 1995), 131.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swartzburg, <i>Preserving Library Materials</i>, 131.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altaf H. Basta and others, "The Role of Neutral Rosin-Alum Size in the Production of Permanent Paper." <i>Restaurator: International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material</i>, 27, no. 2 (2006): 67.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houssni El-Saied, Altaf H. Basta and Mona M. Abdou. "Permanence of Paper 1: Problems and Permanency of Alum-Rosin Sized Paper Sheets from Wood Pulp." <i>Restaurator: International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material</i>, 19, no. 3 (1998): 155–171.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Altaf H. Basta and others, "The Role of Neutral Rosin-Alum Size in the Production of Permanent Paper," 67-80.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Daniels and J. Kosek, . "Studies on the Washing of Paper, Part 1: The Influence of Wetting on the Washing Rate." <i>Restaurator: International journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material</i>, 25, no. 2 (2004): 81.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. Hardman, and E. J. Cole. <i>Paper-making Practice</i>. (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1960), 112.</span>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFGlawson,_Rick" class="citation web cs1">Glawson, Rick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513234923/http://www.theletterheads.com/glawson/goldsize.html">"A Treatise on Gold Size"</a>. <i>The Letterheads</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theletterheads.com/glawson/goldsize.html">the original</a> on 13 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-schutz-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schutz_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSchutz1977" class="citation journal cs1">Schutz, R.A. (12–16 September 1977). "Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Sizing today and tomorrow". <i>Third International Sizing Symposium</i>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer1970252–253-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer1970252–253_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayer1970">Mayer 1970</a>, pp. 252–253.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer1970254-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayer1970254_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMayer1970">Mayer 1970</a>, p. 254.</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMayer1970" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Ralph (September 1970). <i><a href="The_Artist's_Handbook_of_Materials_and_Techniques" title="The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques">The Artist's Handbook of Materials and Techniques</a></i> (3rd ed.). New York: Viking Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780670136650</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425053027/https://pacer.ischool.utexas.edu/html/2081/1396/j-thurn-03-alum.html">History, Chemistry, and Long-Term Effects of Alum-Rosin Size in Paper</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cool.conservation-us.org/coolaic/sg/bpg/annual/v05/bp05-11.html">A Brief Review of the History of Sizing and Resizing Practices</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Paper401" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper engineering</a> / <a href="Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_paper" title="History of paper">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li>

<li><a href="Missal_of_Silos" title="Missal of Silos">Missal of Silos</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Originators11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Damjing" title="Damjing">Damjing</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Matthias_Koops" title="Matthias Koops">Matthias Koops</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Gottlob_Keller" title="Friedrich Gottlob Keller">Friedrich Gottlob Keller</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Fenerty" title="Charles Fenerty">Charles Fenerty</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timothy_Barrett_(papermaker)" title="Timothy Barrett (papermaker)">Timothy Barrett</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Francis_Carter" title="Thomas Francis Carter">Thomas Francis Carter</a></li>

<li><a href="Dard_Hunter" title="Dard Hunter">Dard Hunter</a></li>

<li><a href="Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien Tsuen-hsuin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Amate" title="Amate">Amate</a></li>

<li><a href="Bituminous_waterproofing#Roofing_felt" title="Bituminous waterproofing">Asphalt</a></li>

<li><a href="Banana_paper" title="Banana paper">Banana</a></li>

<li><a href="Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Bible</a></li>

<li><a href="Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">Blotting</a></li>

<li><a href="Bristol_board" title="Bristol board">Bristol</a></li>

<li><a href="Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">Carbon</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Card_stock" title="Card stock">Cardstock</a></li>

<li><a href="Cartridge_paper" title="Cartridge paper">Cartridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated</a></li>

<li><a href="Construction_paper" title="Construction paper">Construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Contact_paper" title="Contact paper">Contact</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Carbonless_copy_paper" title="Carbonless copy paper">Carbonless</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Correction_paper" title="Correction paper">Correction</a></li>

<li><a href="Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">Cotton (rag)</a></li>

<li><a href="Cr%C3%AApe_paper" title="Crêpe paper">Crêpe</a></li>

<li><a href="Display_board" title="Display board">Display</a></li>

<li><a href="Electrical_insulation_paper" title="Electrical insulation paper">Electrical insulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filteration</a></li>

<li><a href="Genk%C5%8D_y%C5%8Dshi" title="Genkō yōshi">Genkō yōshi</a></li>

<li><a href="Glassine" title="Glassine">Glassine</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">Graph</a></li>

<li><a href="Greaseproof_paper" title="Greaseproof paper">Greaseproof</a></li>

<li><a href="India_paper" title="India paper">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Inkjet_paper" title="Inkjet paper">Inkjet</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingres_paper" title="Ingres paper">Ingres</a></li>

<li><a href="Korean_paper" title="Korean paper">Korean</a></li>

<li><a href="Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft</a>

<ul><li><a href="Butcher_paper" title="Butcher paper">Butcher</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Lokta_paper" title="Lokta paper">Lokta</a></li>

<li><a href="Manila_paper" title="Manila paper">Manila</a></li>

<li><a href="Mummy_paper" title="Mummy paper">Mummy</a></li>

<li><a href="Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a></li>

<li><a href="Onionskin" title="Onionskin">Onionskin</a></li>

<li><a href="Origami_paper" title="Origami paper">Origami</a></li>

<li><a href="Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Parchment_paper" title="Parchment paper">Parchment</a></li>

<li><a href="Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">Photographic</a></li>

<li><a href="Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated</a></li>

<li><a href="Red_rosin_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rosin paper">Red rosin</a></li>

<li><a href="Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">Rolling</a></li>

<li><a href="Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Scritta</a></li>

<li><a href="Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Stone_paper" title="Stone paper">Stone</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_paper" title="Thermal paper">Thermal</a></li>

<li><a href="Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissue</a></li>

<li><a href="Tracing_paper" title="Tracing paper">Tracing</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfer_paper" title="Transfer paper">Transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li>

<li><a href="Washi" title="Washi">Washi</a></li>

<li><a href="Wasli" title="Wasli">Wasli</a></li>

<li><a href="Waterproof_paper" title="Waterproof paper">Waterproof</a></li>

<li><a href="Printing_and_writing_paper" title="Printing and writing paper">Writing</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">China clay</a></li>

<li><a href="Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crop</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_chemicals" title="Paper chemicals">Paper chemicals</a></li>

<li><a href="Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Paper#Types,_thickness_and_weight" title="Paper">Specifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Paper_density" title="Paper density">Density</a></li>

<li><a href="Grammage" title="Grammage">Grammage</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper sizes</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_chemistry_of_paper" title="Surface chemistry of paper">Surface chemistry of paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Units_of_paper_quantity" title="Units of paper quantity">Units of paper quantity</a></li>

<li><a href="Wet_strength" title="Wet strength">Wet strength</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacture<br>and process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">Bleaching of wood pulp</a></li>

<li><a href="Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li>

<li><a href="Conical_refiner" title="Conical refiner">Conical refiner</a></li>

<li><a href="Deinking" title="Deinking">Deinking</a></li>

<li><a href="Elemental_chlorine_free" title="Elemental chlorine free">Elemental chlorine free</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Papermaking#Manual" title="Papermaking">Handmade paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Hollander_beater" title="Hollander beater">Hollander beater</a></li>

<li><a href="Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">Kraft process</a></li>

<li><a href="Organosolv" title="Organosolv">Organosolv</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">Paper machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li>

<li><a href="Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li>

<li><a href="Soda_pulping" title="Soda pulping">Soda pulping</a></li>

<li><a href="Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">Sulfite process</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">Paper industry</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Canada" title="Pulp and paper industry in Canada">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Europe" title="Pulp and paper industry in Europe">Europe</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">India</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Pulp and paper industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Japan" title="Pulp and paper industry in Japan">Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Pulp and paper industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">Paper mill</a>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lined_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Lined paper">Lined paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towels</a></li>

<li><a href="Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></li>

<li><a href="Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_clothing" title="Paper clothing">Clothing</a></li>

<li><a href="Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissues</a></li>

<li><a href="Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebooks</a></li>

<li><a href="Watercolor_paper" title="Watercolor paper">Watercolor paper</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_money" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li>

<li><a href="Beverage_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage carton">Beverage cartons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paper" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Paper">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Weaving97" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Weaving97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weaves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Basketweave_(weaving)" title="Basketweave (weaving)">Basketweave</a></li>

<li><a href="Charvet_(fabric)" title="Charvet (fabric)">Charvet</a></li>

<li><a href="Woven_coverlet" title="Woven coverlet">Coverlet</a></li>

<li><a href="Dobby_(cloth)" title="Dobby (cloth)">Dobby</a></li>

<li><a href="Double_cloth" title="Double cloth">Double weave</a></li>

<li><a href="Even-weave" class="mw-redirect" title="Even-weave">Even-weave</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabardine" title="Gabardine">Gabardine</a></li>

<li><a href="Lampas" title="Lampas">Lampas</a></li>

<li><a href="Leno_weave" title="Leno weave">Leno weave</a></li>

<li><a href="Oxford_(cloth)" title="Oxford (cloth)">Oxford</a></li>

<li><a href="Pile_weave" title="Pile weave">Pile weave</a></li>

<li><a href="Piqu%C3%A9_(weaving)" title="Piqué (weaving)">Piqué</a></li>

<li><a href="Plain_weave" title="Plain weave">Plain weave</a></li>

<li><a href="Satin" title="Satin">Satin</a></li>

<li><a href="Swivel_weave" title="Swivel weave">Swivel</a></li>

<li><a href="Twill" title="Twill">Twill</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Textile" title="Textile">Textiles</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools and techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Band_weaving" title="Band weaving">Band weaving</a></li>

<li><a href="Barber-Colman_knotter" title="Barber-Colman knotter">Barber-Colman knotter</a></li>

<li><a href="Beamer_(occupation)" title="Beamer (occupation)">Beamer</a></li>

<li><a href="Braid" title="Braid">Braid</a></li>

<li><a href="Chilkat_weaving" title="Chilkat weaving">Chilkat weaving</a></li>

<li><a href="Fingerweaving" title="Fingerweaving">Fingerweaving</a></li>

<li><a href="Flying_shuttle" title="Flying shuttle">Flying shuttle</a></li>

<li><a href="Heddle" title="Heddle">Heddle</a></li>

<li><a href="Kasuri" title="Kasuri">Kasuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Navajo_weaving" title="Navajo weaving">Navajo weaving</a></li>

<li><a href="Pibiones" title="Pibiones">Pibiones</a></li>

<li><a href="Salish_weaving" title="Salish weaving">Salish weaving</a></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle_(weaving)" title="Shuttle (weaving)">Shuttle</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Textile_sizing_machine" title="Textile sizing machine">Sizing machine</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Tablet_weaving" title="Tablet weaving">Tablet weaving</a></li>

<li><a href="Talim_(textiles)" title="Talim (textiles)">Talim</a></li>

<li><a href="T%C4%81niko" title="Tāniko">Tāniko</a></li>

<li><a href="Tapestry" title="Tapestry">Tapestry</a></li>

<li><a href="Temple_(weaving)" title="Temple (weaving)">Temple</a></li>

<li><a href="Wattle_(construction)" title="Wattle (construction)">Wattle</a></li>

<li><a href="Wicker" title="Wicker">Wicker</a>

<ul><li><a href="Resin_wicker" title="Resin wicker">Resin</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of <a href="Loom" title="Loom">looms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Dandy_loom" title="Dandy loom">Dandy loom</a></li>

<li><a href="Dobby_loom" title="Dobby loom">Dobby loom</a></li>

<li><a href="Hattersley_loom" title="Hattersley loom">Hattersley loom</a></li>

<li><a href="Horrocks_loom" title="Horrocks loom">Horrocks loom</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacquard_machine" title="Jacquard machine">Jacquard machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Lancashire_Loom" title="Lancashire Loom">Lancashire loom</a></li>

<li><a href="Northrop_Loom" title="Northrop Loom">Northrop loom</a></li>

<li><a href="Power_loom" title="Power loom">Power loom</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapier_loom" title="Rapier loom">Rapier loom</a></li>

<li><a href="Roberts_Loom" title="Roberts Loom">Roberts loom</a></li>

<li><a href="Warp-weighted_loom" title="Warp-weighted loom">Warp-weighted loom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weavers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acesas" title="Acesas">Acesas</a></li>

<li><a href="Anni_Albers" title="Anni Albers">Anni Albers</a></li>

<li><a href="Otti_Berger" title="Otti Berger">Otti Berger</a></li>

<li><a href="Micheline_Beauchemin" title="Micheline Beauchemin">Micheline Beauchemin</a></li>

<li><a href="Johanna_Brunsson" title="Johanna Brunsson">Johanna Brunsson</a></li>

<li><a href="Ada_Dietz" title="Ada Dietz">Ada Dietz</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Ferguson_%26_Co_Ltd" title="Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd">Thomas Ferguson & Co Ltd</a></li>

<li><a href="Elisabeth_Forsell" title="Elisabeth Forsell">Elisabeth Forsell</a></li>

<li><a href="Dorothy_Liebes" title="Dorothy Liebes">Dorothy Liebes</a></li>

<li><a href="Ethel_Mairet" title="Ethel Mairet">Ethel Mairet</a></li>

<li><a href="Maria_Elisabet_%C3%96berg" title="Maria Elisabet Öberg">Maria Elisabet Öberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Lilly_Reich" title="Lilly Reich">Lilly Reich</a></li>

<li><a href="Margaretha_Reichardt" title="Margaretha Reichardt">Margaretha Reichardt</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Rylands" title="John Rylands">John Rylands</a></li>

<li><a href="Brigitta_Scherzenfeldt" title="Brigitta Scherzenfeldt">Brigitta Scherzenfeldt</a></li>

<li><a href="Clara_Sherman" title="Clara Sherman">Clara Sherman</a></li>

<li><a href="Gunta_St%C3%B6lzl" title="Gunta Stölzl">Gunta Stölzl</a></li>

<li><a href="Judocus_de_Vos" title="Judocus de Vos">Judocus de Vos</a></li>

<li><a href="Margaretha_Zetterberg" title="Margaretha Zetterberg">Margaretha Zetterberg</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employment practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="More_looms" title="More looms">More looms</a></li>

<li><a href="Kissing_the_shuttle" title="Kissing the shuttle">Kissing the shuttle</a></li>

<li><a href="Piece-rate_list" title="Piece-rate list">Piece-rate list</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mills</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bancroft_Shed" title="Bancroft Shed">Bancroft Shed</a></li>

<li><a href="Queen_Street_Mill" title="Queen Street Mill">Queen Street Mill</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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